Ovarian cancer: modest overall increase with higher BMI; risk varies by histologic subtype (notably endometrioid

Ovarian cancer: modest overall increase with higher BMI; risk varies by histologic subtype (notably endometriosis) Mechanisms include unopposed estrogen from adipose aromatization, hyperinsulinemia/IGF-1 signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, adipokine imbalance (↑leptin/↓adiponectin), and overlap with anovulation/PCOS. 1) Endometrial cancer (uterine corpus) Magnitude of risk Dose–response: Each 5 kg/m² increase in BMI is associated with a ~1.5–1.6× higher risk of endometrial cancer. High BMI classes: Class II–III obesity confers multi-fold higher risk compared with normal BMI, with earlier age at diagnosis and higher all-cause mortality observed in cohorts. Mechanisms that matter clinically Estrogen excess without progesterone: Adipose aromatizes androgens → estrone; after menopause, this becomes the dominant estrogen source, promoting endometrial proliferation. ...