Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding diagnosis, management, or treatment of dengue fever.
Updated: January 14, 2026
Author Note
Dr Humaira Latif, Registered Medical Practitioner (Gynae & Obs), with 14 years of clinical experience, has medically reviewed this guide. All content is evidence-based, aligned with WHO, CDC, and peer-reviewed medical recommendations.
Table of Contents
- Overview of Dengue Fever
- Causes & Transmission
- Symptoms of Dengue
- Warning Signs of Severe Dengue
- Diagnosis & Laboratory Tests
- Treatment & Management
- Prevention Strategies
- Dengue in Pregnancy
- Frequently Asked Questions
- References & Related Sources
1. Overview of Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by four distinct dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4). The Aedes aegypti mosquito primarily transmits it in tropical and subtropical regions. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening.
| Factor | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Virus Type | DENV-1 to DENV-4 |
| Transmission | By Aedes mosquitoes |
| Incubation | 4–10 days after mosquito bite |
| Complications | Severe bleeding, shock, organ failure |
2. Causes & Transmission
Dengue spreads primarily through mosquito bites:
- Infected mosquito bite: Aedes aegypti carries the virus and transmits it when feeding on humans.
- Breeding sites: Stagnant water in containers, flower pots, tires, and water tanks.
- Activity timing: Most active during early morning and late afternoon.
- Non-contagious: Dengue is not transmitted directly between humans.
Preventive measures, including mosquito control and protective clothing, are essential for high-risk regions.
3. Symptoms of Dengue Fever
Symptoms typically develop 4–10 days after the bite and can last 2–7 days.
Common Symptoms
- High fever (up to 104°F / 40°C)
- Severe headache
- Pain behind the eyes
- Muscle and joint pain (often called “breakbone fever”)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Skin rash appearing 2–5 days after fever onset
- Fatigue and weakness
| Symptom | Description |
|---|---|
| Fever | Sudden onset, often high |
| Headache | Intense pain behind eyes or frontal headache |
| Muscle & joint pain | Severe, generalized pain |
| Rash | Red, blotchy rash appears after fever |
| Nausea & vomiting | Variable; may require hydration support |
4. Warning Signs of Severe Dengue
Immediate medical attention is required if any of these appear:
- Persistent vomiting
- Severe abdominal pain
- Bleeding gums or nose
- Blood in vomit or stool
- Difficulty breathing
- Sudden weakness, irritability, or restlessness
Severe dengue can progress to shock or organ failure if untreated.
5. Diagnosis & Laboratory Tests
Accurate diagnosis requires clinical evaluation and laboratory confirmation:
- NS1 antigen test: Detects early infection (first 5–7 days)
- IgM/IgG antibody tests: Determine recent or past infection
- Complete blood count (CBC): Monitors platelet levels and hematocrit
- Liver function tests may be used for severe cases
Early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications.
6. Treatment & Management
No specific antiviral exists for dengue. Management focuses on supportive care:
Supportive Measures
- Maintain hydration with oral fluids or IV therapy
- Rest and monitor symptoms
- Use paracetamol for fever/pain (avoid aspirin/NSAIDs)
- Hospitalization for severe cases for close monitoring
Pregnant women and infants require special care, as dengue can lead to complications in these groups.
7. Prevention Strategies
Personal Protection
- Use insect repellents approved for adults and children
- Wear long sleeves and pants during peak mosquito activity
- Use bed nets and window screens
Environmental Control
- Remove stagnant water from containers and tires
- Cover water storage containers
- Participate in community mosquito control programs
Vaccination
Dengue vaccines are available in some countries for individuals with prior infection or at high risk. Consult a healthcare provider for eligibility.
8. Dengue in Pregnancy
Dengue infection during pregnancy can lead to complications such as low birth weight, preterm labor, and maternal hospitalization. Pregnant women should:
- Strictly follow mosquito avoidance measures
- Seek immediate medical care if warning signs appear
- Follow-up with obstetricians for monitoring
For related guidance, see Maternal Health Tips.
9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is dengue contagious?
No. Dengue spreads only via mosquito bites.
Can dengue occur more than once?
Yes. Infection with a different dengue serotype can occur, increasing risk of severe disease.
How long is recovery?
Most cases resolve in 1–2 weeks, though fatigue can persist longer.
Are there long-term complications?
Severe dengue may lead to organ damage, but most people recover fully with proper care.
10. References & Related Sources
- World Health Organization (WHO): Dengue Fact Sheet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Dengue Information
- National Institutes of Health (NIH): Dengue Review
- American Society of Tropical Medicine: Dengue Guidelines
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